RUNWAY A defined rectangular area on a land airport prepared for the landing and takeoff run of aircraft along its length. Runways are normally numbered in relation to their magnetic direction rounded off to the nearest 10 degrees; e.g., Runway 1, Runway 25.

RUNWAY INCURSION Any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in loss of separation with an aircraft taking off, intending to takeoff, landing, or intending to land.

SAR See SEARCH AND RESCUE.

SCANNING Systematic means of searching for other aircraft. Scanning is most effective when successive areas of the sky are brought into focus using a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements.

SEARCH AND RESCUE (SAR) A lifesaving service provided through the combined efforts of the federal agencies signatory to the National SAR plan along with state agencies.

SECTIONAL AERONAUTICAL CHARTS Designed for visual navigation of slow or medium speed aircraft. Topographic information on these charts features the portrayal of relief, and a judicious selection of visual check points for VFR flight. Aeronautical information includes visual and radio aids to navigation, airports, controlled airspace, restricted areas, obstructions and related data.

SEE AND AVOID When weather conditions permit, pilots operating IFR or VFR are required to observe and maneuver to avoid other aircraft. Right-of-way rules are contained in 14 CFR part 91.

SEGMENTED CIRCLE A visual indicator around a windsock or tetrahedron designed to show the traffic pattern for each runway.

SHALLOW-BANKED TURN Turns in which the bank (less than approximately 20 degrees) is so shallow that inherent lateral stability of the PPC is acting to level the wings unless the pilot maintains the bank.

SINGLE PILOT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (SRM) Area of human factors study that addresses application of management skills in the cockpit. Single pilots of small aircraft must make effective use of all available resources; human resources, hardware, and information.

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS The accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety before, during, and after the flight.

SKILLS AND PROCEDURES The procedural, psychomotor, and perceptual skills used to control a specific aircraft or its systems. They are the airmanship abilities that are gained through conventional training, are perfected, and become almost automatic through experience.

SKIN The outside covering of an aircraft airframe.

SKIN FRICTION DRAG The type of parasite drag resulting from a rough surface which deflects the streamlines of air on the surface, causing resistance to smooth airflow.

S-LSA (SPECIAL LIGHT-SPORT AIRCRAFT) An aircraft issued a special airworthiness certificate in accordance with 14 CFR 21.290 in the light-sport category. These aircraft meet the ASTM industry-developed consensus standards.

SOLO FLIGHT Flight that is conducted and logged when a pilot is the sole occupant of an aircraft.

SPATIAL DISORIENTATION Specifically refers to the lack of orientation with regard to the position, attitude, or movement of the PPC in space.

SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE Airspace that exists where activities must be confined because of their nature.

SPORT PILOT CERTIFICATE An FAA-issued pilot certificate, allowing the holder to operate a light-sport aircraft in the category, class, make and model for which they are endorsed to do so.