Loss of control in-flight (LOC-I). An accident caused by the pilot not maintaining control of the airplane. Many LOC-I accidents are the result of stalls, spins, or accelerated maneuvers.

Mode annunciator. A display panel normally integrated into the primary flight display that shows the current status and operating functions of the autopilot or flight director.

Mode controller. The interface used by the pilot to select autopilot or flight director operating modes and to engage or disengage the autopilot system.

National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). A United States Government independent organization responsible for investigations of accidents involving aviation, highways, waterways, pipelines, and railroads in the United States. The NTSB is charged by the Congress of the United States to investigate civil aviation accidents.

Notice to Airmen (NOTAM). A notice filed with an aviation authority to alert aircraft pilots of any hazards en route or at a specific location. The authority in turn provides means of disseminating relevant NOTAMs to pilots.

Naturalistic decision-making. See Automatic decision-making.

PAVE. An acronym that represents the four risk identification areas: Pilot, Aircraft, enVironment, and External pressures.

Personality. The embodiment of personal traits and characteristics of an individual that are set at a very early age and are extremely resistant to change.

Pilot report (PIREP). Report of meteorological phenomena encountered by aircraft.

Probable cause. The defining event that directly leads to an accident.

Proficiency. Possessing a high standard of competence or expertise.

Qualification. Having the certificates, ratings, endorsements, or other designations required for the operation.

Residual risk. The remaining risk after system safety efforts have been fully employed. It is not necessarily the same as acceptable risk. Residual risk is the sum of acceptable risk and unidentified risk. This is the total risk passed on to the user.

Risk. The future impact of a hazard that is not eliminated or controlled.

Risk assessment. An approach to managing uncertainty. Risk assessment is a quantitative value assigned to a task, action, or event.