Matching-type test item. A test item in which the learner is asked to match alternatives on one list to related alternatives on a second list. The lists may include words, terms, illustrations, phrases, or sentences.

Memory. The ability of people and other organisms to encode (initial perception and registration of information), store (retention of encoded information over time), and retrieve (processes involved in using stored information) information.

Mock-up. A three-dimensional working model used in which the actual object is either unavailable or too expensive to use. Mock-ups may emphasize some elements while eliminating nonessential elements.

Model. A copy of a real object which can be life-size, smaller, or larger than the original.

Motivation. A need or desire that causes a person to act. Motivation can be positive or negative, tangible or intangible, subtle or obvious.

Multimedia. A combination of more than one instructional medium. This format can include audio, text, graphics, animations, and video. Recently, multimedia implies a computer-based presentation.

Multiple choice-type test item. A test item consisting of a question or statement followed by a list of alternative answers or responses.

Navigate. To move between websites on the internet. Navigation is often accomplished by means of links or connections between sites.

Norm-referenced testing. System of testing in which learners are ranked against the performance of other learners.

Objectivity. The singleness of scoring of a test; it does not reflect the biases of the person grading the test.

Overhead question. In the guided discussion method, a question directed to the entire group in order to stimulate thought and discussion from the entire group. An overhead question may be used by an instructor as the lead-off question.

Perceptions. The basis of all learning, perceptions result when a person gives meaning to external stimuli or sensations. Meaning derived from perception is influenced by an individual’s experience and many other factors.

Performance-based objectives. A statement of purpose for a lesson or instructional period that includes three elements: a description of the skill or behavior desired of the learner, a set of conditions under which the measurement will be taken, and a set of criteria describing the standard used to measure accomplishment of the objective.

Personal computer-based aviation training device (PCATD). A device which uses software which can be displayed on a personal computer to replicate the instrument panel of an airplane. A PCATD must replicate a type of airplane or family of airplanes and meet the virtual control requirements specified in Advisory Circular (AC) 61-126.

Personality. The embodiment of personal traits and characteristics of an individual that are set at a very early age and are extremely resistant to change.

Physical organism. A perception factor that describes a person’s ability to sense the world around them.

Pilot error. Pilot action/inaction or decision/indecision causing or contributing to an accident or incident.